Category: Chemistry

Why is fluorodeoxy glucose used in PET scans? And how does it indicate the presence of cancer cells?

Module 5 project

Summarize the difference between cancer cells and normal cells, in terms ofmetabolic activity, in your own words. Be sure to address the presence or
absence of oxygen, pyruvate, and lactate. (Your answer should be about
25-50 words)

2. PET scans are used as a diagnostic for cancer cells. Describe how PET scans work in your own words. (Your answer should be about 25-50 words)

3. Why is fluorodeoxy glucose used in PET scans? And how does it indicate the presence of cancer cells?

4. In the above articles and videos, there is a discussion of the role of pyruvate and lactate. Draw the two structures and circle on your drawings exactly where the two structures differ. Submit a photo of your drawing with your student ID card visible with your Project. Make sure your image is clear. If the image can not be read, it can not be evaluated.

5. Draw the reaction that can occur to convert one to the other (pyruvate and lactate). Show how NADH is involved in the reaction and give the name of

What do you think would happen if the saliva treatment of the starch (cracker) was conducted under very cold conditions? Very hot conditions?

Lab 11

1. Describe the controls used in the starch test (Activity 1).

2. In the quick test for fats (Activity 3), is there a relationship between the size of the spot and the fat content of the food? Explain your answer.

3. In which test tube(s) did protein digestion occur (Activity 4)? How do you know?

4. What do you think would happen if the saliva treatment of the starch (cracker) was conducted under very cold conditions? Very hot conditions?

 Why does the protein product stay the same after some point mutations, but change after others?

Lab 12

Simulate 3 different point mutations, 3 different insertion mutations, and 3 different deletion mutations starting from the original sequence of amino acids and explain why the protein product stays the same after some point mutations, but changes after others. Take pictures of the screen for all nine mutations and insert them below. Describe the mutation and explain the effect on the peptide.

Point mutation 1

Point mutation 2

Point mutation 3

Insertion mutation 1

Insertion mutation 2

Insertion mutation 3

Deletion mutation 1

Deletion mutation 2

Deletion mutation 3

Activity 5

Step 1:

Design a protein product that consists of mainly hydrophilic amino acids. Take pictures of the screen and insert them on the lab manual template.

Step 2:

In order for a protein to be exported out of the cell, the head needs to be hydrophobic. Design a protein with a hydrophobic head of at least four amino acids. Take pictures of the screen in the simulation of the protein you have designed and insert them on the lab manual template.

Why does the protein product stay the same after some point mutations, but change after others?

Explain in your own words the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. How might CRISPR be useful in curing diabetes?

Diabetes

Summarize the difference between the function of insulin and
glucagon.

Define hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia and explain the
consequences of each. Search the internet and discover how too
much sugar in your bloodstream has adverse effects on your eyes,
nerves and kidneys. Be sure to cite a reference.

Explain in your own words the difference between Type 1 and Type
2 diabetes.

How might CRISPR be useful in curing diabetes?

What type of non-covalent interaction is known as the strongest dipole-dipole force?Would the following be a hydrogen donor or acceptor? Or both?

Chemistry

1.What is the shape of water?

2.What is autoionization, and how is it important for water?

3.Name the three non-covalent forces discussed in this module.

4.What type of non-covalent interaction is known as the strongest
dipole-dipole force?

5.Would the following be a hydrogen donor or acceptor? Or both?

6.How does the strength of London forces change with increasing
molecular weight? Explain briefly.

7.Calculate the pH of a solution containing 0.12 M of OH- .

8.If a solution contains 0.00023M of H+, then what is the OH –
concentration?

9.If a solution contains 1.67 x 10-8 M OH – , then what is H +
concentration?

10.A solution contains H+ at a concentration of 1.67 x 10-6 M. Is

the solution acidic, basic, or neutral? Explain briefly.

11.What is the concentration, in M, of water as a pure liquid?

12.Define Keq and K w .

13.Identify the acid, conjugate base, and proton in the following reaction.

14.A buffer system has a pKa of 8.5. What is its effective buffering range?

15.A buffer system has [H +] = 1.2 x 10 -6 , [A – ] = 1.2 x 10 -6 , and [HA] = 3.2 x
10 -5 . What is its corresponding Ka value?

16.A buffer system has [H +] = 1.2 x 10 -6 , [A – ] = 1.2 x 10 -6 , and
[HA] = 3.2 x 10 -5 . What is its corresponding Ka value?
17.Ice melts at room temperature. What is the sign for
Δ
G in this reaction?

18.Butane combusts in the air by the following reaction:
C 4 H 10 (l) + 6.5 O2 (g)
⟶
4 CO 2 (g) + 5 H 2 O (g)

What is the sign (+ or -) of
Δ
G,
Δ
H, and
Δ
S in this reaction?

19. What is the role of ATP in helping a non-spontaneous reaction
occur?

How are the proteins sorted on the column showed in the second video?Compare and contrast the chromatography method described above for GFP to the ones you used and the one you wrote about in your project for Module 2. (100-200 words)

Module 4 Project

In a Word document, first create a separate Title Page that contains the name of the project, along with your name and the date. Then, answer the questions below:

1. The chromophore of GFP is what gives off the bright light. In the structure shown below, circle 1 amide, 1 amine, 1 carboxylic acid, and 1 alcohol.

2. In the structure shown above, (a) how many amides are there? (b) amines? (c) carboxylic acids (d) and phenols?

3. Referring back to the Project from Module 3, what IR bands would you expect to be prominent in an IR spectrum of the chromophore shown above?

4. How are the proteins sorted on the column showed in the second video?

5. Compare and contrast the chromatography method described above for GFP to the ones you used and the one you wrote about in your project for Module 2. (100-200 words)

6. Referring back to Module 1, circle on the molecule shown below the area of the molecule that is aromatic and has conjugation. NOTE: You can either print or draw the molecule and then show your work for this question. All drawings should be signed and dated.

What is the Cas9 RNA base sequence that would attach the CRISPR complex to the following segment of DNA?

Discussion 4

1. Explain in your own words exactly how CRISPR works.

2. Do you agree or disagree that the controversy around CRISPR is similar to the controversy around cloning decades ago?

3. What is the Cas9 RNA base sequence that would attach the CRISPR complex to the following segment of DNA? (Hint: See Section 21.5 of eText)